Development of new products and materials, especially those which are based on renewable organic resources using innovative sustainable processes, represents an increasing interest in both academic and industrial research. Cellulose and its derivatives have demonstrated to be versatile materials with unique chemical structure which provides a good platform for the construction of hydrogel networks with distinctive properties as respects of swelling ability and sensibility to external stimuli. Indeed, the high density of free hydroxyl groups in the cellulose structure makes them become a solid substrate that can undergo functionalization, allowing the production of new materials for novel advanced applications. Moreover, the smart behaviour of these materials, in response to specific environmental stimuli, namely temperature, pH, ionic strength, determines the obtained hydrogels especially attractive for in vivo applications. Consequently, cellulose- based hydrogels are promising materials, biodegradable, biocompatible, and the low cost, which exhibit properties that make them attractive in many applications, particularly in biomedical and environmental applications.